Flash cards
Review the key moves
What is the main idea behind Machine Learning - Polynomial Regression?
Lesson checks
Practice each idea before moving on
Short Mimo-style checks built from this lesson's code, terms, and sequence.
Which statement best captures the main point of this lesson?
Complete the missing token from the example code.
___ matplotlib.pyplot as pltPut the learning moves in the order that makes the concept easiest to apply.
Polynomial Regression
If your data points clearly will not fit a linear regression (a straight line through all data points), it might be ideal for polynomial regression.
Polynomial regression, like linear regression, uses the relationship between the variables x and y to find the best way to draw a line through the data points.
How Does it Work?
Python has methods for finding a relationship between data-points and to draw a line of polynomial regression. We will show you how to use these methods instead of going through the mathematic formula.
In the example below, we have registered 18 cars as they were passing a certain tollbooth.
We have registered the car's speed, and the time of day (hour) the passing occurred.
The x-axis represents the hours of the day and the y-axis represents the speed:
Example
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,21,22]
y = [100,90,80,60,60,55,60,65,70,70,75,76,78,79,90,99,99,100]
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()numpyExample Explained
Import the modules you need.
You can learn about the NumPy module in our NumPy Tutorial .
You can learn about the SciPy module in our SciPy Tutorial .
import numpy import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Create the arrays that represent the values of the x and y axis:
x = [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,21,22] y = [100,90,80,60,60,55,60,65,70,70,75,76,78,79,90,99,99,100]
NumPy has a method that lets us make a polynomial model:
mymodel = numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
Then specify how the line will display, we start at position 1, and end at position 22:
myline = numpy.linspace(1, 22, 100)
Draw the original scatter plot
plt.scatter(x, y)
Draw the line of polynomial regression
plt.plot(myline, mymodel(myline))
Display the diagram
plt.show()
R-Squared
It is important to know how well the relationship between the values of the x- and y-axis is, if there are no relationship the polynomial regression can not be used to predict anything.
The relationship is measured with a value called the r-squared.
The r-squared value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means no relationship, and 1 means 100% related.
Python and the Sklearn module will compute this value for you, all you have to do is feed it with the x and y arrays:
Example
import numpy
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
x =
[1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,21,22]
y =
[100,90,80,60,60,55,60,65,70,70,75,76,78,79,90,99,99,100]
mymodel =
numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
print(r2_score(y, mymodel(x)))Note
The result 0.94 shows that there is a very good relationship, and we can use polynomial regression in future predictions.
Predict Future Values
Now we can use the information we have gathered to predict future values.
Example: Let us try to predict the speed of a car that passes the tollbooth at around the time 17:00:
To do so, we need the same mymodel array from the example above:
mymodel = numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
Example
import numpy
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
x =
[1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,21,22]
y =
[100,90,80,60,60,55,60,65,70,70,75,76,78,79,90,99,99,100]
mymodel =
numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
speed = mymodel(17)
print(speed)The example predicted a speed to be 88.87, which we also could read from the diagram:
Bad Fit?
Let us create an example where polynomial regression would not be the best method to predict future values.
Example
import numpy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x =
[89,43,36,36,95,10,66,34,38,20,26,29,48,64,6,5,36,66,72,40]
y =
[21,46,3,35,67,95,53,72,58,10,26,34,90,33,38,20,56,2,47,15]
mymodel =
numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
myline = numpy.linspace(2, 95, 100)
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.plot(myline, mymodel(myline))
plt.show()And the r-squared value?
Example
import numpy
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
x =
[89,43,36,36,95,10,66,34,38,20,26,29,48,64,6,5,36,66,72,40]
y =
[21,46,3,35,67,95,53,72,58,10,26,34,90,33,38,20,56,2,47,15]
mymodel =
numpy.poly1d(numpy.polyfit(x, y, 3))
print(r2_score(y, mymodel(x)))The result: 0.00995 indicates a very bad relationship, and tells us that this data set is not suitable for polynomial regression.